Search results for "Clinical Pharmacology"

MEDical wards Invasive Candidiasis ALgorithms (MEDICAL):Consensus proposal for management

2016

Abstract Introduction A majority of invasive Candida infections occur in medical wards; however, evidence for management in this setting is scarce and based primarily on the intensive care or surgical setting. On behalf of the Italian Society for Anti-Infective Therapy (SITA) and the Italian Federation of Associations of Hospital Doctors on Internal Medicine (FADOI), the MEDICAL group produced practical management algorithms for patients in internal medicine wards. Methods The MEDICAL group panel, composed of 30 members from internal medicine, infectious disease, clinical pharmacology, clinical microbiology and clinical epidemiology, provided expert opinion through the RAND/UCLA method. Res…

Escitalopram causes fewer seizures in human overdose than citalopram

2010

Seizures are a recognized complication of acute overdose with the racemic (1:1 ratio of R- and S-enantiomers) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressant citalopram.We tested the hypothesis that escitalopram (the therapeutically active S-enantiomer of citalopram) causes fewer seizures in overdose than citalopram at comparable doses of the S-enantiomer.Multicenter retrospective review of cases with citalopram and escitalopram overdose reported to German, Austrian, and Swiss Poisons Centers between 1997 and 2006.316 citalopram and 63 escitalopram cases were analyzed. Somnolence, nausea, vomiting, tachycardia, QT prolongation, and tremor occurred with similar frequency in both groups…

Multiple in vitro and in vivo regulatory effects of budesonide in CD4+ T lymphocyte subpopulations of allergic asthmatics.

2012

Abstract BACKGROUND: Increased activation and increased survival of T lymphocytes characterise bronchial asthma. OBJECTIVES: In this study the effect of budesonide on T cell survival, on inducible co-stimulator T cells (ICOS), on Foxp3 and on IL-10 molecules in T lymphocyte sub-populations was assessed. METHODS: Cell survival (by annexin V binding) and ICOS in total lymphocytes, in CD4+/CD25+ and in CD4+/CD25- and Foxp3 and IL-10 in CD4+/CD25+ and in CD4+/CD25-cells was evaluated, by cytofluorimetric analysis, in mild intermittent asthmatics (n = 19) and in controls (n = 15). Allergen induced T lymphocyte proliferation and the in vivo effects of budesonide in mild persistent asthmatics (n =…

Genome-wide meta-analysis increases to 71 the number of confirmed Crohn's disease susceptibility loci

2010

We undertook a meta-analysis of six Crohn's disease genome-wide association studies (GWAS) comprising 6,333 affected individuals (cases) and 15,056 controls and followed up the top association signals in 15,694 cases, 14,026 controls and 414 parent-offspring trios. We identified 30 new susceptibility loci meeting genome-wide significance (P < 5 x 10(-8)). A series of in silico analyses highlighted particular genes within these loci and, together with manual curation, implicated functionally interesting candidate genes including SMAD3, ERAP2, IL10, IL2RA, TYK2, FUT2, DNMT3A, DENND1B, BACH2 and TAGAP. Combined with previously confirmed loci, these results identify 71 distinct loci with gen…

Interleukins

1994

With interleukins (IL), a new class of potential drugs has been introduced into clinical research. These signal peptides are involved in the regulation of many physiological and pathophysiological processes. IL-1, -2, -3, -4, -6 and -11 have been tested in clinical trials. The growth promoting, growth inhibiting or immunomodulatory activities of interleukins represent the theoretical basis for large scale clinical testing, predominantly in malignant disease. Dose-dependent effects on numbers of peripheral blood cells and recovery from bone marrow failure have been demonstrated for IL-1, -3, -6 and -11. Phase III trials are in progress to determine their value for clinical practice. However,…

Intramuscular tranexamic acid

2021

For many anaesthetists around the world, the mere mention of the word ‘pharmacokinetics’ is sufficient to make their eyes glaze over and their attention wander. Pharmacokinetics is seen as an art that is as obscure and esoteric as the art of divination (prediction) practiced by the likes of Professor Sybille Trelawny 1 but that has varying and mostly limited relevance to clinical practice. Although this hyperbole may have elements of truth, it is a fact that pharmacokinetic data are the essential foundation upon which rational drug dosing guidelines are developed for all drugs.

Extent and duration of angiotensin ii antagonistic activity of irbesartan and candesartan cilexetil

2000

The preclinical pharmacology of roflumilast--a selective, oral phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor in development for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

2009

After more than two decades of research into phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors, roflumilast (3-cyclopropylmethoxy-4-difluoromethoxy-N-[3,5-di-chloropyrid-4-yl]-benzamide) may become the first agent in this class to be approved for patient treatment worldwide. Within the PDE family of 11 known isoenzymes, roflumilast is selective for PDE4, showing balanced selectivity for subtypes A-D, and is of high subnanomolar potency. The active principle of roflumilast in man is its dichloropyridyl N-oxide metabolite, which has similar potency as a PDE4 inhibitor as the parent compound. The long half-life and high potency of this metabolite allows for once-daily, oral administration of a single, 500…

The Importance of the Nurse’s Role in the Management of Complex Diabetic Outpatients: It is the Time to Manage Patient’s Multidimensions

2018

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A brief guide to performing pharmacological studies in vitro: Reflections from the EORTC-PAMM Course “Preclinical and Early-phase Clinical Pharmacolo…

2019

One aim of cell-based in vitro assays is to identify the best drug candidate to develop using the best tumor cell model. This is challenging in every anticancer drug discovery process. Briefly, we summarize the parameters to be taken into account when performing in vitro cell assays, in order to obtain reliable and reproducible results, which was fundamentally discussed by lecturers at the educational course on preclinical and early-phase clinical pharmacology studies, at the 40th Winter Meeting of the Pharmacology and Molecular Mechanisms Group of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer. Moreover, specific cellular sensitivity tests are described. In addition to mono…